SERMON TWENTY-THREE
Isaiah 51:8
[For the moth shall eat them up like a garment, and the worm shall eat them like wool: but my righteousness shall be for ever, and my salvation form generation to generation.]
NOTE: the first section is not in the 1808 edition.
[The Work of Redemption is a work that God carries on from the fall of man to the end of the world.]
IN showing from this text how the Work of Redemption is carried on ‹from the fall of man to the end of the world›, we were last showing how the success of Christ's purchase was carried on from the destruction of the heathen empire in the days of Constantine the Great till the fall of Antichrist, which is the third and last period of the suffering state of the Christian church. And for the clearer and later view of the progress of the success of Christ's purchase through this period, it was divided into four parts, viz. [the first, from the fall of Rome to the rise of Antichrist; the second, from thence to Luther; the third, from the Reformation to the present time; the fourth, from the present time till Antichrist is fallen].3 And it [was]4 proposed through each of them to take notice both of the opposition of Satan and also [how the church was upheld].5 We entered on the second part of this period, viz. that from the rise of Antichrist till the time of the beginning of the Reformation, in which it [was]6 proposed to take7 notice first, of the great works that the Devil wrought in opposition, and second, to show how the church was upheld through this evil time. The former has been already done in showing how that Satan set up and maintained these two great kingdoms of his, viz. his Antichristian and Mohammedan kingdoms.
2. (1808 edition, Kindle location 14426) I come now to show how the church of Christ was upheld through this dark time. And here
(1) it is to be observed that towards the former part of this space of time, some of the nations of Christendom held out a long time before they complied with the corruptions and usurpations of the church of Rome. Though all the world wondered after the beast, yet all nations did not fall in at once. Many of the principal corruptions of the church of Rome were brought in with a great deal of struggle and opposition; and particularly when the Pope first gave out that he was universal bishop, many churches greatly opposed him in it, and it was a long time before they would even yield to his exorbitant claims.
And so when the worship of images was first brought into the churches, there were many faithful that who greatly opposed it, and long held out against it. And so with respect to other corruptions of the church of Rome. Those people that who dwelt nearer to the city of Rome complied sooner, but some of the more remote were a long time before they could be induced to put their necks under the yoke; and particularly ecclesiastical history gives an account, that it was so with great part of the churches in England and Scotland, and France, who retained the ancient purity of doctrine and worship much longer than many others that were much nearer the chief seat of Antichrist.
(2) In every age of this dark time there appeared many particular persons in all parts of Christendom that who bore a testimony against the corruptions and tyranny of the church of Rome. There is no one age of Antichrist, even in the darkest times of all, but ecclesiastical historians mention a great many by name that manifested an abhorrence of the Pope and his idolatrous worship, and pleaded for the ancient purity of doctrine and worship.
God was pleased to maintain an uninterrupted succession of witnesses through the whole time in Germany and France, Britain, and other countries, as historians do demonstrate and mention 'em by name and give account of the testimony that which they held. Many of them were private persons, and many of them ministers, and some magistrates, and persons of great distinction. And there were numbers in every age that were persecuted and put to death for this testimony.
(3) Besides these particular persons dispersed here and there, there was a certain people called the Waldenses, who that lived separate from all the rest of the world, that who kept themselves pure, and constantly bore a testimony against the church of Rome through all this dark time.
The place where they dwelt was the valleys of Piedmont, a very mountainous country between Italy and France. The valleys where they lived were compassed about with those exceeding high mountains called the Alps which were almost impassable. The passage over these mountainous desert countries was so difficult that the valleys where this people lived were almost inaccessible.
There this people lived for many ages, as it were, alone, in a state of separation from all the world, having very little to do with any other people. And there they served God in the ancient purity of his worship, and never submitted to the church of Rome. This place in this desert mountainous country probably was the place especially meant in the Revelation 12:6, as the place prepared of God for the woman, that they should feed her there during the reign of Antichrist.
Some of the Popish writers themselves own, that that this people never submitted to the church of Rome. One of the Popish writers speaking of the Waldenses, says the heresy of the Waldenses is the oldest heresy in the world. 'Tis supposed that [the reason that] this people first betook themselves to this desert and secret place among the mountains was their fleeing thither to hide themselves from the severity of the heathen persecutions that were before Constantine the Great; and thus the woman fled into the wilderness from the face of the serpent, Revelation 12:6. And so verse 14 Revelation 12:14, "And to the woman were given two wings of a great eagle, that she might fly into the wilderness, into her place, where she is nourished for a time, and times, and half a time, from the face of the serpent."
And the people being settled there, that their posterity continued there from age to age to age afterwards; And being, as it were, by natural walls, as well as by God's grace, separated from the rest of the world, never partook of the overflowing corruption.
These especially were those virgins that were not defiled with the rest of the women, or when other women prostituted themselves and were defiled, but kept themselves pure for Christ alone. They followed the Lamb, their spiritual husband; wherever whithersoever he went: They followed him into this hideous wilderness, Revelation 14:4–5.
Their doctrine and their worship, as there still remain accounts of them, appear to be the same with the Protestant doctrine and worship; and by the confession of Popish writers were a people remarkable for the strictness of their lives, for charity and other Christian virtues.
They lived in external poverty in this hideous country, but they chose this poverty rather than to comply with the great corruption of the rest of the world. They living in so secret a place, it was a long time before they seem to have been much taken notice by the Romanists. But at last falling under observation, they went out in mighty armies against them, and fell upon them with insatiable cruelty, barbarously massacring and putting to death men, women, and children with all imaginable tortures; and so continued persecuting them with but little intermission for several hundred years; by which means many of them were driven out of their old habitations in the valleys of Piedmont, and fled into all parts of Europe, carrying their doctrine, to which many were brought over.
So their persecutors could not by all their cruelties extirpate the church of God, so fulfilling his word, "that the gates of hell should not prevail against it."
(4) Towards the latter part of this dark time, several noted divines openly appeared to defend the truth and bear testimony against the corruptions of the church of Rome, and had many followers. The first and principal of these was a certain English divine whose name was John Wycliffe, who appeared about 140 years before the Reformation, and strenuously opposed the Popish religion, and taught the same doctrine that the reformers afterwards did, and had many followers in England.
He was hotly persecuted in his lifetime but yet died in peace, and after he was buried his bones were dug up by his persecutors and burnt. His followers continued in considerable numbers in England till the Reformation, and were cruelly persecuted and multitudes put to death for their religion.
Wycliffe had many disciples and followers not only in England but in other parts of Europe where his books were carried, and particularly in Bohemia among whom were two eminent divines. The name of the one was John Huss; the other's name was Jerome, a divine belonging to Prague, the chief city in Bohemia. These strenuously opposed the church of Rome and had many that adhered to them. They were both burnt by the Papists for their doctrine, and their followers in Bohemia were cruelly persecuted, but never extirpated, till the Reformation.
Thus having gone through this dark time of the church, which is the second part of the space from Constantine the Great to the destruction of Antichrist, I come now
3dly. To the, third part, viz. that which begins with the Reformation, and reaches to the present time. And here I would, 1. speak of the Reformation itself, 2. the opposition that the devil has made to the Reformed church, 3. what success there has lately been of the gospel in one place and another, and 4. what the state of things is now in the world with regard to the church of Christ and the success of Christ's his purchase.
1. Here the first thing to be taken notice of is the Reformation. This was begun about 220 years ago: First in Saxony in Germany, by the preaching of Martin Luther, who, being stirred in his spirit, to see the horrid practices of the popish clergy, and having set himself diligently to inquire after truth, by the study of the holy Scriptures and the writings of the ancient fathers of the church, very openly and boldly decried the corruptions and usurpations of the Romish church in his preaching and writings, and had soon great numbers that fell in with him; among whom was the Elector of Saxony, the sovereign prince of the country to which he belonged.
This greatly alarmed the church of Rome, and it did, as it were, rally all its force to oppose him and his doctrine; and fierce wars and persecutions were raised against it. But yet it went on by the labors of Luther and Melanchthon in Germany, and Zwingli in Switzerland, and other eminent divines that who were contemporary with Luther and fell in with him, and particularly Calvin, who appeared something after the beginning of the Reformation, but was one of the eminent of the reformers.
Many of the princes of Germany soon fell in with the Reformed religion, and many other states and kingdoms in Europe, as England, Scotland, Sweden and Denmark and Norway, great part of France, and Poland and Lithuania and Switzerland and the Low Countries. So that it is thought that heretofore about half Christendom were of the Protestant religion, though since then the Papists have gained ground, so that the Protestants now have not so great a proportion.
Thus God began gloriously to revive his church again and advance the kingdom of his Son after such a dismal night of darkness as had been before from the rise of Antichrist to that time.
There had been many endeavors used by the witnesses for the truth for reformation before. But now when God's appointed time was come, his work brake forth was begun and went on with a swift and wonderful progress; and Antichrist, who had been rising higher and higher from his very first beginning till that time, was swiftly and suddenly brought down, and fell half-way towards utter ruin, and never has been able to rise again to his former height.
A certain very late expositor (Mr. Lowman) who explains the five first vials in the 16th chapter of Revelation, with far greater probability perhaps than any that ever who went before him, explains the fifth vial that which was poured out on the seat of the beast as what came to pass in the Reformation, explaining the four preceding vials as of certain great judgments God brought on the Popish dominions before the Reformation.
It is said, Revelation 16:10, that "the fifth angel poured out his vial on the seat of the beast." In the original it is the throne of the beast; "and his kingdom was full of darkness; and they gnawed their tongues for pain, and blasphemed the God of heaven because of their pains and their sores, and repented not of their deeds." He poured out his vial on the throne of the beast, i.e. on the authority and dominion of the Pope: So the word throne is often used in Scripture, so 1 Kings 1:37. "As my Lord hath been with my lord the king, even so be he with Solomon, and make his throne greater than the throne of my lord King David," i.e. make his dominion and authority greater, and his kingdom more glorious.
But now in the Reformation the vials of God's wrath were poured out on the throne of the beast. His throne was terribly shaken and diminished. The Pope's authority and dominion was greatly diminished, both as to extent and degree. He lost, as was said before, about half his dominions. And besides, since the Reformation the Pope has lost great part of that authority, even in the Popish dominions, that which he had before. He is not regarded and his power in no measure dreaded as it used was wont to be. The powers of Europe have learned not to put their necks under the Pope's feet, as formerly they used were wont to do. So that he is as a lion that has lost his teeth in comparison of what he was once. used to be.
And when the Pope and his clergy, when they were enraged to see their authority so diminished at the Reformation, laid their heads together and joined their forces to destroy the Reformation; their policy, that used which was wont to serve 'em so well, failed; they found their kingdom full of darkness, so that they could do nothing, any more than the Egyptians, who rose not from their seats for three days.
The Reformed church was defended as Lot and the angels were in Sodom by smiting the Sodomites with darkness or blindness, that they could not find the door. God then fulfilled that in Job 5:11, &c. "To set up on high those that be low; that those that which mourn may be exalted to safety. He disappointeth the devices of the crafty, so that their hands cannot perform their enterprise. He taketh the wise in their own craftiness: and the counsel of the forward is carried headlong. They meet with darkness in the daytime, and grope in the noonday as in the night. But he saveth the poor from the sword, from their mouth, and from the hand of the mighty."
Those proud enemies of God's people, being so disappointed and finding themselves so unable to uphold their own dominion and authority, this made them, as it were, to gnaw their tongues for pain, or bite their tongues for mere rage. And therefore I proceed now,
2. I proceed therefore to show what opposition has been made to this success of Christ's purchase by the Reformation by Satan and his adherents; observing, as we go along, how far they have been baffled, and how far they have been successful.
The opposition that Satan has made against the Reformed religion has been principally of the following kinds: 1. that which was made by a general council of the church of Rome, 2. by secret plots and devices, 3. by open wars and invasions, 4. by cruel oppression and persecution, 5. by Satan's bringing in corrupt opinions.
(1) The first opposition that I shall take notice of is that that was made by the clergy of the church of Rome uniting together in a general council. This was the famous Council of Trent which the Pope called a little while after the Reformation.
In that council there met together 6 six cardinals, 32 thirtytwo archbishops, 228 two hundred and twentyeight bishops, besides innumerable others of the Romish clergy. This council in all their sessions, taking with including the times of intermission between their sittings, was held for twenty-five years together. Their main business all this while was to concert measures for the establishing the church of Rome against the reformers and for the destroying the Reformation.
But it proved that they were not able to perform their enterprise. The Reformed church, for all notwithstanding their holding so great a council and for so long a time together against it, remained and remains still. So that the counsel of the froward is carried headlong, and their kingdom is full of darkness, and they weary themselves to find the door.
Thus the church of Rome, instead of repenting of their deeds when such clear light was held forth to them by Luther and other servants of God, the reformers, does, by general agreement in council, persist in their vile corruptions, and wickedness, and obstinate opposition to the kingdom of Christ.
The doctrines and practices of the church of Rome, that which were chiefly condemned by the Reformed, were confirmed by the decrees of their council; and the corruptions in many respects were carried higher than ever before, and they uttered blasphemous reproaches and curses against the Reformed religion, and all the Reformed church was excommunicated and anathematized by 'em, and so according to the prophecy, "blasphemed God." Thus God hardened their hearts, intending to destroy them.
(2) The papists have often endeavored to overthrow the Reformation by secret plots and conspiracies conspiracy. So there were many plots against the life of Luther. The papists seemed engaged to contrive to dispatch him and to put him out of their way, and he, as he was a very bold man, often very much exposed himself in the cause of Christ; but yet they were wonderfully prevented from hurting him, and he at last died in his bed in peace.
And so there have been from time to time innumerable schemes secretly laid for the overthrow of the Protestant religion, among which that which seems to be most considerable and which seemed to be the most likely to have taken effect, was that which was in the time of King James II of England, which is within the memory of many of us you.
There was at that time a strong conspiracy between the king of England and Louis XIV of France, that who were both papists, to extirpate the Northern heresy, as they called the Protestant religion, not only out of England but out of all Europe; and had laid their schemes so, that they seemed to be almost sure of their purpose. They looked upon it that if the Reformed religion was suppressed in the British realms, and in the Netherlands, that which were the strongest part and chief defense of the Protestant interest, they should have easy work with the rest.
And just as their matters seemed to be come to an head, and their enterprise ripe for execution, God, in his providence, suddenly dashed all their schemes in pieces by the revolution, at the coming in of King William and Queen Mary, by which all their designs were at an end; and the Protestant interest was more strongly established by the crown of England's being established in the Protestant house of Hanover, and a Papist being, by the constitution of the nation, forever rendered incapable of wearing the crown of England.
Thus they groped in darkness as at noonday, and their hands could not perform their enterprises, and their kingdom was full of darkness, and they gnawed their tongues for pain.
After this there was a deep design laid to bring the same thing to pass in the latter end of Queen Anne's reign by the bringing in of the Popish pretender; which was no less suddenly and totally baffled by divine providence as the plots against the Reformation, by bringing in the pretender, have been from time to time.
(93) The Reformation has often been opposed by open wars and invasions. So in the beginning of the Reformation, the emperor of Germany, to suppress the Reformation, declared war with the duke of Saxony, and the principal who favored and received Luther's doctrine. But they could not obtain their end; they could not suppress the Reformation. [and had to] make peace.
For the same end was war made with the Bohemians by the Emperor.
For the same end the king of Spain maintained a long war with Holland and the old Low Countries in the century before last. But those cruel wars issued greatly to the disadvantage of the Romish church, as they occasioned the setting up one of the most powerful Protestant states in Europe which, next to the kingdom of Great Britain, is at this day the chief bearer of Protestant religion. And the design of the Spanish invasion of the kingdom of England in Queen Elizabeth's time was to suppress and root out the Reformed religion; and therefore they brought in their fleet all manner of instruments of cruelty wherewith to torture the Protestants that who would not renounce the Protestant religion. But their design was totally baffled, and their mighty fleet in a great measure ruined.
(4) Satan has opposed the Reformation with cruel persecutions. The persecutions with which the Protestants in one kingdom and another have been persecuted by the church of Rome have in many respects been far beyond any of the heathen persecutions that were before Constantine the Great, and beyond all that ever were before.
So that Antichrist has proved the greatest and cruelest enemy to the church of Christ that ever was in the world, in this as well as other respects; agreeably to the description given of the church of Rome in the Revelation, Revelation 17:6, "And I saw the woman drunken with the blood of the saints, and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus." And, chap, 8:24. "And in her was found the blood of prophets, and of saints, and of all them that were slain upon the earth."
The Heathen persecutions had been very dreadful; but now persecution by the church of Rome was improved and studied and cultivated much as they would have done as an art or science;
Such ways of afflicting and tormenting were found out, as are beyond the thought and invention of ordinary men, or men that are unstudied in those things, and had been beyond the invention of all former ages. And that persecution might be managed the more effectually, there was certain societies of men established in various parts of the Popish dominions, whose business it should be to study and improve and practice persecution in its highest perfection, which are those societies called the courts of inquisition. A reading the particular histories of the Romish persecution and their courts of inquisition will give that idea of them that which a few words can't convey.
When the Reformation began, the beast with seven heads and ten horns began to rage in a dreadful manner.
After the Reformation, the church of Rome renewed its persecution of the poor Waldenses, and great multitudes of them were cruelly tortured and put to death. Soon after the Reformation, there were terrible persecutions in various parts of Germany, and especially in Bohemia, which lasted for thirty years together; in which so much blood was shed for the sake of religion that a certain Swedish writer compares it to the plenty of waters of the great rivers of Germany. The countries of Poland, Lithuania, and Hungary was were in like manner, as it were, deluged with Protestant blood, shed with like cruelties.
By means of these and other cruel persecutions, the Protestant religion was in a great measure suppressed in Bohemia, and the Palatinate, and Hungary? that were which before were as it were Protestant countries.
Thus was fulfilled what was foretold of the little horn, Daniel 7:20–21 "And of the ten horns that were in his head, and of the other which came up, and before whom three fell; even of that horn that had eyes, and a mouth that spake very great things, whose look was more stout than his fellows. I beheld, and the same horn made war with the saints, and prevailed against them". And what was foretold of the beast having seven heads and ten horns, Revelation 13:7, "And it was given unto him to make war with the saints, and to overcome them: And power was given him over all kindreds, and tongues, and nations."
Also Holland and the other Low Countries were for many years a scene of nothing but the most affecting and amazing cruelties, being deluged with the blood of Protestants under the merciless hands of the Spaniards that to whom they were then in subjection to. But in this persecution the devil in a great measure has failed of his purpose; by issuing as it issued in great part of the Netherlands casting off the Spanish yoke, and setting up a wealthy and powerful Protestant state, to the great defense of the Protestant cause ever since.
France also is another country, which, that since the Reformation, in some respects perhaps more than any other, has been a scene of dreadful cruelties suffered by the Protestants there.
After many cruelties that had been executed towards the Protestants in that kingdom alone, there was begun a persecution of them in the year 1571, in the reign of Charles IX, king of France. It began with a cruel massacre wherein 70,000 Protestants were slain in a few days' time, as the King boasted: And in all this persecution, he slew, as is supposed, 300,000 martyrs. And 'tis reckoned that about this time, within thirty years, there were martyred in this kingdom, for the Protestant religion, 39 princes, 148 counts, 234 barons, 147,518 gentlemen, and 760,000 of the common people.
But all these persecutions were, for exquisite cruelty, far exceeded by those that followed in the reign of Louis XIV which, indeed, are supposed to exceed all others that ever have been; which and being long continued, by reason of the long reign of that king, almost wholly extirpated the Protestant religion out of that kingdom, where had been before a multitude of famous Protestant churches all over the kingdom. Thus it was given to the beast to make war with the saints and to overcome them.
There was also a terrible persecution in England in Queen Mary's time wherein great numbers in all parts of the kingdom were burnt alive. And after this, though the Protestant religion has been for the most part established by law in England, yet there have been very severe persecutions by the high church men, that who symbolize in many things with the papists. Such a persecution was it that that which occasioned our forefathers to fly that country, and to come and settle in this land, which was then a hideous howling wilderness.
And these persecutions were continued with little intermission till King William came to the throne.
Scotland has also been the scene, for many years together, of cruelties and blood by the hands of high church men, such as fell very little short of the Popish persecution in Queen Mary's days, and in many things much exceeded it, which continued till they were delivered by King William.
Ireland also has been, as it were, overwhelmed with Protestant blood. In the days of King Charles I of England, above 200,000 Protestants were cruelly murdered in that kingdom in a few days; the Papists by a secret agreement, among 'em rising all over the kingdom at an appointed time, intending to kill every Protestant in the kingdom at once.
Besides these there were very cruel persecutions in Italy and Spain and other places, which I shall not stand to relate.
Thus did the devil, and his great minister Antichrist, rage with such violence and cruelty against the church of Christ! And thus did the whore of Babylon make herself drunk with the blood of the saints and martyrs of Jesus! And thus by these persecutions, the Protestant church has been much diminished! Yet withal have they not been able to prevail, but still the Protestant church is upheld, and Christ fulfils his promise, "That the gates of hell shall not prevail against his church."
(5) The last kind of opposition that Satan has made to the Reformation is by corrupt opinions. Satan has opposed the light of the gospel that shone forth in the Reformation with many corrupt opinions, which he has brought in and propagated in the world.
And here in the first place, the first opposition of this kind was by raising up the sect of the Anabaptists, which began about four or five years after the Reformation itself began....
This sect as it first appeared in Germany were vastly more extravagant than the present Anabaptists are in England. They held a great many exceeding corrupt opinions. One tenet of theirs was, that there ought to be no civil authority, and so that it was lawful to rebel against civil authority. And on this principle they refused to submit to magistrates, or any human laws, and gathered together in vast armies to defend themselves against their civil rulers, and put all Germany into an uproar and so kept it for some time.
The next opposition of this kind that was made against to the Reformed religion was that which was made by enthusiasts. Those are called enthusiasts that falsely pretend to be inspired with by the Holy Ghost, as the prophets were. These began in Germany about ten years after Luther began the Reformation, and there arose various sects of them that who were exceeding wild and extravagant. The followers of these are the Quakers in England and other parts of the British dominions.
The next to these were the Socinians, that who had their beginning chiefly in Poland by the teaching of two men; the name of the one was Laelius Socinus and the other Faustus Socinus. They held that Christ was only a mere man, and denied Christ's satisfaction and most of the other fundamental doctrines of the Christian religion. Their heresy has since been greatly propagated among Protestants in Poland, Germany, Holland, and England, and other places.
After these arose the Arminians. These appeared in Holland about 130 years ago. They take their name from a Dutchman whose name was Jacobus von Harmin, which turned into Latin is called Jacobus Arminius, and from his name the whole sect are called Arminians.
This Jacobus Arminius was first a minister in Amsterdam, and then a professor of divinity in the University of Leiden. He had many followers in Holland. There was upon this a synod of all the Reformed churches called together, who met at Dort in Holland. The Synod of Dort condemned them, but yet they spread and prevailed.
They began to prevail in England in the reign of King Charles I, especially in the Church of England. The Church of England divines before that were almost universally Calvinists, but since that, Arminianism has gradually more and more prevailed, till they are become almost universally Arminians. And not only so, but Arminianism has greatly prevailed among the Dissenters, and has spread greatly in New England as well as Old.
Since this, Arianism has been revived. As I told you before, Arianism a little after Constantine's time almost swallowed up the Christian world, like a flood out of the mouth of the serpent that threatened to swallow up the woman.... And of late years this heresy has been revived in England, and greatly prevails there both in the Church of England and among Dissenters. These hold that Christ is but a mere creature; though they grant that he is the greatest of all creatures.
Again, another thing that which has of late exceedingly prevailed among Protestants, and especially in England, is deism. The Deists wholly cast off the Christian religion, and are professed infidels. They are not like the heretics, Arians and Socinians, and others, who own the Scriptures to be the word of God, and hold the Christian religion to be the true religion, but only deny these and these fundamental doctrines of the Christian religion; they deny the whole Christian religion.
Indeed, they own the being of God; but deny that Christ was the son of God, and say he was a mere cheat; and so they say all the prophets and apostles were. And they deny the whole Scripture; they deny that any of it is the word of God. They deny any revealed religion, or any word of God at all, and say that God has given mankind no other light to walk by but their own reason.
These sentiments and opinions our nation, which is the principal nation of the Reformation, is very much overrun with, and they prevail more and more.
Thus much concerning the opposition that Satan has made against the Reformation.
1808 edition, Kindle at 14426
http://edwards.yale.edu/archive?path=aHR0cDovL2Vkd2FyZHMueWFsZS5lZHUvY2dpLWJpbi9uZXdwaGlsby9nZXRvYmplY3QucGw/Yy44OjQud2plby4xMjYyMzU1LjEyNjIzNjEuMTI2MjM2NC4xMjYyMzY4
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And thou shalt grope at noonday, as the blind gropeth in darkness
(Deuteronomy 28:29)
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