Wednesday, April 26, 2023

Stiffneckedness


"Stiffneckedness" is another non-biblical term found in Latter-day Saint scriptures that Jonathan Edwards used, as found in the 1808 edition of his collected works, on sale in Palmyra in the early 1820s in the bookstore Joseph visited weekly to get the newspaper for his father. 

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The fruits of Moses' unbelief, which provoked God to shut him out of Canaan, and not to suffer him to partake of those great things God was about to do for Israel on earth, were chiefly these two things: First, his mingling bitterness with his zeal. He had a great zeal for God, and he could not bear to see the intolerable stiff-neckedness of the people, that they did not acknowledge the work of God, and were not convinced by all his wonders that they had seen; but human passion was mingled with his zeal.

1. Jonathan Edwards. The Great Awakening (WJE Online... [page 429 | Paragraph | SubSect | Section]

(Wordcruncher 18c: 1740s; 1742, N04004 / 5. PART IV.Shewing what,47¶ 1808 Kindle at 21423)

Their stiffneckedness was their moral Wickedness, Obstinacy, and perverseness of Heart: By Righteousness, therefore, on the contrary, is meant their moral Vertue, and rectitude of Heart, and Life

(Wordcruncher 18c: 1730s; 1738, N03467 / 1.2.1,71¶) 1808 Kindle at 54087]

The Temptation at this Day is exceeding great, to both those Errors that Moses was guilty of; there is great Temptation to Bitterness and corrupt Passion with Zeal; for there is so much unreasonable Opposition made against this glorious Work of GOD, and so much Stiff-neckedness manifested in Multitudes of this Generation, notwithstanding all the great & wonderful Works in which GOD has passed before them, that it greatly tends to provoke the Spirits of such as have the Interest of this Work at Heart, so as to move ’em to speak unadvisedly with their Lips.

(18c: 1740s; 1742, N04004 / 5. PART IV.Shewing what,47¶) [1808 Kindle at 21435]

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stiffneckedness in the scriptures

Old Testament (0) [stiffnecked 8]

New Testament (0) [stiffnecked 1]

Book of Mormon (4) [stiffnecked 20]

Doctrine and Covenants (1) [stiffnecked 1]

Pearl of Great Price (0)

Edwards (3 in 1808) [stiffnecked 37]

Evans (7) [3 of which are Jonathan Edwards]

[note: Yale doesn’t find stiffneckedness or stiff-neckedness, but it’s in the database]

11 Now this he spake because of the stiffneckedness of Laman and Lemuel;

(1 Nephi 2:11)

7 And now I, Nephi, cannot say more; the Spirit stoppeth mine utterance, and I am left to mourn because of the unbelief, and the wickedness, and the ignorance, and the stiffneckedness of men;

(2 Nephi 32:7)

17 For behold, king Benjamin was a holy man, and he did reign over his people in righteousness; and there were many holy men in the land, and they did speak the word of God with power and with authority; and they did use much sharpness because of the stiffneckedness of the people—

(Words of Mormon 1:17)

18 And now, because of stiffneckedness and unbelief they understood not my word; therefore I was commanded to say no more of the Father concerning this thing unto them.

(3 Nephi 15:18)

6 For behold, I revoke the commandment which was given unto my servants Selah J. Griffin and Newel Knight, in consequence of the stiffneckedness of my people which are in Thompson, and their rebellions.

(Doctrine and Covenants 56:6)


Saturday, April 22, 2023

Smooth faced hypocrites

This is one of hundreds of rhetorical connections between Joseph Smith and Jonathan Edwards that I will be occasionally adding to this blog.

Joseph Smith used a nonbiblical term in a sermon dated May 21, 1843. Levi Richards reported that Joseph said,

I love that man better who swears a stream as long as My arm & administering to the poor— & dividing his substance than the long smooth faced hypocrite, I dont want you to think I am very righteous, for I am not very righteous, God judges man according to the light he give them

https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/discourse-21-may-1843-as-reported-by-levi-richards/1

Willard Richards reported it this way:

I love that man better who swears a stream as long as my arm. and administ[er]ing to the poor & dividi[n]g his substance. than the long smoothed faced hypo[c]rites

https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/discourse-21-may-1843-as-reported-by-willard-richards/2

The sermon appears in History, 1838-1856

“I love that man better who swears a stream as long as my arm, yet deals justice to his neighbors and mercifully deals his substance to the poor, than the long smooth faced hypocrite.

https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/history-1838-1856-volume-d-1-1-august-1842-1-july-1843/198

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It turns out that in the 1808 edition of Jonathan Edwards' works that was on sale in Palmyra in the early 1820s in the bookstore Joseph frequented as a boy, Edwards used a similar nonbiblical term when contrasting the city of Zion with Sodom.

Kindle location 60613:

'Tis you that I have been all this while speaking of under this doctrine: you are the inhabitants of Sodom. Perhaps you may look on your circumstances as not very dreadful, but you dwell in Sodom. Though you may be reformed, and appear with a clean outside, and a smooth face to the world, yet as long as you are in a natural condition, you are impure inhabitants of Sodom. The world of mankind is divided into two companies, and as it were into two cities. There is [the] city of Zion, the church of God, the holy and beloved city; and there is Sodom...

[available online at http://edwards.yale.edu/archive?path=aHR0cDovL2Vkd2FyZHMueWFsZS5lZHUvY2dpLWJpbi9uZXdwaGlsby9nZXRvYmplY3QucGw/Yy4xODoxNC53amVvLjk4NTEwNw== ]

In the Evans database on Wordcruncher, this usage by Edwards of the term "smooth face" is the first of seven that appear in a search. None of the other six have a connotation related to hypocrisy. The term "smooth faced" appears once in connection with an idol people put on their toilets.

In the same publication (Kindle location 56685), Edwards wrote this in a sermon on hypocrisy:

What value would you your self set upon it. if a man should seem to Carry it Respectfully to you & show you with a fair face talking smooth & making a show a friendship when you Know at the same time that he was Inwardly your mortally Enemy. would you Look on your self obliged for such Respect & Kindness yea. would you not abhor it.

[available online at http://edwards.yale.edu/archive?path=aHR0cDovL2Vkd2FyZHMueWFsZS5lZHUvY2dpLWJpbi9uZXdwaGlsby9nZXRvYmplY3QucGw/Yy40OTozMC53amVvLjIyMTI5OTI=]

In a related context, (Kindle location 59134 in the 1808 edition), Edwards wrote this:

This will be the distinguishing condemnation of gospel sinners. John 3:18, "He that believeth not is condemned already, because he hath not believed in the name of the only begotten Son of God." That outward smoothness of your carriage towards Christ, that appearance of respect to him in your looks, your speeches, and gestures don't argue but that you set him at nought in your heart. There may be much of these outward shows of respect, and yet you be like Judas that betrayed the Son of man with a kiss;

http://edwards.yale.edu/archive?path=aHR0cDovL2Vkd2FyZHMueWFsZS5lZHUvY2dpLWJpbi9uZXdwaGlsby9nZXRvYmplY3QucGw/Yy4xODoxNS53amVvLjEwOTM0OTM=