Obj. 2. Our own obedience, and inherent holiness, is necessary to prepare men for heaven; and therefore is doubtless what recommends persons to God's acceptance, as the heirs of heaven. To this I answer,
(1) Our own obedience being necessary, in order to a preparation for an actual bestowment of glory, is no argument that 'tis the thing, upon the account of which we are accepted to a right to it. God may, and does, do many things to prepare the saints for glory, after he has accepted them as the heirs of glory. A parent may do much to prepare a child for an inheritance in its education, after the child is an heir: yea there are many things necessary to fit a child for the actual possession of the inheritance, that ben't necessary in order to its having a right to the inheritance.
(2) If everything, that is necessary to prepare men for glory, must be the proper condition of justification, then perfect holiness is the condition of justification. Men must be made perfectly holy, before they are admitted to the enjoyment of the blessedness of heaven; for there must in no wise enter in there any spiritual defilement: and therefore when a saint dies he leaves all his sin and corruption, when he leaves the body.
Obj. 3. Our obedience is not only indissolubly connected with salvation, and preparatory to it, but the Scripture expressly speaks of bestowing eternal blessings as rewards for the good deeds of the saints. Matthew 10:42, "Whosoever shall give to drink, unto one of these little ones, a cup of cold water, only in the name of a disciple, he shall in no wise lose his reward." 1 Corinthians 3:8, "Every man shall receive his own reward, according to his own labor." And in many other places.
This seems to militate against the doctrine that has been maintained, two ways. First, the bestowing a reward carries in it a respect to a moral fitness, in the thing rewarded, to the reward: the very notion of a reward being a benefit bestowed in testimony of acceptance of, and respect to, the goodness or amiableness of some qualification or work, in the person rewarded. And besides the Scripture seems to explain itself in this matter, in Revelation 3:4, "Thou hast a few names, even in Sardis, which have not defiled their garments; and they shall walk with me in white: for they are worthy."
This is here given as the reason why they should have such a reward, "because they were worthy": which, though we suppose it to imply no proper merit, yet it at least implies a moral fitness, or that the excellency of their virtue in God's sight, recommends them to such a reward; which seems directly repugnant to what has been supposed, viz. that we are accepted, and approved of God, as the heirs of salvation, not out of regard to the excellency of our own virtue or
-- 211 --goodness, or any moral fitness therein to such a reward, but only on account of the dignity, and moral fitness of Christ's righteousness.
Second, our being eternally rewarded for our own holiness, and good works, necessarily supposes that our future happiness will be greater or smaller, in some proportion, as our own holiness and obedience is more or less; and that there are different degrees of glory, according to different degrees of virtue and good works, is a doctrine very expressly and frequently taught us in Scripture.
But this seems quite inconsistent with the saints all having their future blessedness as a reward of Christ's righteousness: for if Christ's righteousness be imputed to all, and this be what entitles each one to glory, then 'tis the same righteousness that entitles one to glory, which entitles another: but if all have glory as the reward of the same righteousness, why han't all the same glory? Don't the same righteousness merit as much glory, when imputed to one, as when imputed to another?
In answer to the first part of this objection, I would observe, that it don't argue that we are justified by our good deeds, that we shall have eternal blessings in reward for them; for 'tis in consequence of our justification, that our good deeds become rewardable, with spiritual and eternal rewards.
The acceptableness, and so the rewardableness of our virtue is not antecedent to justification, but follows it, and is built entirely upon it; which is the reverse of what those in the adverse scheme of justification suppose, viz. that justification is built on the acceptableness and rewardableness of our virtue.
They suppose that a saving interest in Christ is given as a reward of our virtue, or (which is the same thing), as a testimony of God's acceptance of our excellency, in our virtue. But the contrary is true; that God's respect to our virtue, as our amiableness in his sight, and his acceptance of it as rewardable, is entirely built on interest in Christ already established.
So that the relation to Christ, whereby believers in Scripture language, are said to be in Christ, is the very foundation of our virtues, and good deeds, being accepted of God, and so of their being rewarded; for a reward is a testimony of acceptance.
For we, and all that we do, are accepted only "in the beloved" (Ephesians 1:6).
Our sacrifices are acceptable, only through our interest him, and through his worthiness, and preciousness, being as it were made ours. 1 Peter 2:4–5, "To whom coming as unto a living stone, disallowed indeed of men, but chosen of God and precious; ye also as lively stones, are built up a spiritual house, an holy priesthood, to offer up spiritual sacrifices, acceptable to God by Jesus Christ."
Here a being actually built on this stone, precious to God, is mentioned as all the ground of the acceptableness of our good works to God, and their becoming, also precious in his eyes. So Hebrews 13:21, "Make you perfect
-- 212 --in every good work, to do his will, working in you that which is well pleasing in his sight, through Jesus Christ."
And hence are we directed, whatever we offer to God, to offer it in Christ's name, as expecting to have it accepted no other way, than from the value that God has to that name. Colossians 3:17, "And whatsoever ye do, in word or deed, do all in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God, and the Father by him."
To act in Christ's name, is to act under him, as our head, and as having him to stand for us, and represent us to God-ward.
The reason of this may be seen, from what has been already said, to show that it is not meet that anything in us, should be accepted of God, as any excellency of our persons, until we are actually in Christ, and justified through him.
The loveliness of the virtue of fallen creatures, is nothing in the sight of God, till he beholds them in Christ, and clothed with his righteousness.
First, because till then we stand condemned before God, by his own holy law, to his utter rejection, and abhorrence.
And, second, because we are infinitely guilty before him, and the loveliness of our virtue bears no proportion to our guilt; and must therefore pass for nothing before a strict judge.
And, third, because our good deeds, and virtuous acts themselves, are in a sense corrupt, and the hatefulness of the corruption of them, if we are beheld as we are in ourselves, or separate from Christ, infinitely outweighs the loveliness of the good that is in them: so that if no other sin was considered, but only that which attends the act of virtue itself, the loveliness vanishes into nothing in comparison of it: and therefore the virtue must pass for nothing, out of Christ.
Not only are our best duties defiled, in being attended with the exercises of sin and corruption, that precede them and follow them, and are intermingled with holy acts; but even the holy acts themselves, and the gracious exercises of the godly, though the act most simply considered is good, yet take the acts in their measure, and dimensions, and the manner in which they are exerted, and they are corrupt acts; that is, they are defectively corrupt, or sinfully defective; there is that defect in them, that may well be called the corruption of them; that defect is properly sin, an expression of a vile sinfulness of heart, and what tends to provoke the just anger of God; not because the exercise of love and other grace, is not equal to God's loveliness; for 'tis impossible the love of creatures (men or angels) should be so; but because the act is so very disproportionate to the occasion given for love or other grace, considering God's loveliness, and the manifestation that is made of it, and the exercises of kindness, and the capacity of human nature, and our advantages (and the like) together.
A negative expression of corruption may be as truly sin, and as just cause of provocation, as a
-- 213 --positive.
Thus if a man, a worthy and excellent person, should from mere generosity and goodness, exceedingly lay out himself, and should with great expense and suffering, save another's life, or redeem him from some extreme calamity; and when he had done all, that other person should never thank him for it, or express the least gratitude any way; this would be a negative expression of his ingratitude and baseness; but is equivalent to an act of ingratitude, or positive exercise of a base unworthy spirit; and is truly an expression of it, and brings as much blame, as if he by some positive act, had much injured another person.
And so it would be (only in a lesser degree), if the gratitude was but very small, bearing no proportion to the benefit and obligation; as if for so great and extraordinary a kindness, he should express no more gratitude than would have been becoming towards a person that had only given him a cup of water when thirsty, or shown him the way in a journey, when at a loss or had done him some such small kindness: if he should come to his benefactor to express his gratitude, and should do after this manner, he might truly be said to act unworthily and odiously; he would show a most ungrateful spirit: and his doing after such a manner might justly be abhorred by all: and yet the gratitude, that little there is of it, most simply considered, and so far as it goes, is good.
And so it is with respect to our exercise of love, and gratitude, and other graces towards God, they are defectively corrupt and sinful, and take 'em as they are, in their manner, and measure, might justly be odious, and provoking to God, and would necessarily be so, were we beheld out of Christ: for in that this defect is sin, it is infinitely hateful; and so the hatefulness of the very act, infinitely outweighs the loveliness of it; because all sin has infinite hatefulness and heinousness; but our holiness has but little value and loveliness, as has been elsewhere demonstrated.
Hence, though it be true that the saints are rewarded for their good works, yet it is for Christ's sake only, and not for the excellency of their works in themselves considered, or beheld separately from Christ; for so they have no excellency in God's sight, or acceptableness to him, as has now been shown.
'Tis acknowledged that God in rewarding the holiness and good works of believers, does in some respect give them happiness as a testimony of his respect to the loveliness of their holiness and good works in his sight; for that is the very notion of a reward: but in a very different sense from what would have been, if man had not fallen; which would have been to bestow eternal life on man, as a testimony of God's respect to the loveliness of what man did, considered as in itself, and as in man, separately by himself, and not beheld as a member of Christ: in
-- 214 --which sense also, the scheme of justification we are opposing, necessarily supposes, the excellency of our virtue to be respected and rewarded; for it supposes a saving interest in Christ itself to be given as a reward of it.
Two things come to pass, relating to the saints' reward for their inherent righteousness, by virtue of their relation to Christ.
First, the guilt of their persons is all done away, and the pollution and hatefulness that attends, and is in, their good works, is hid.
Second, their relation to Christ adds a positive value and dignity to their good works, in God's sight.
That little holiness, and those faint and feeble acts of love, and other grace, receive an exceeding value in the sight of God, by virtue of God's beholding them as in Christ, and as it were members of one so infinitely worthy in his eyes; and that because God looks upon the persons, as persons of greater dignity on this account. Isaiah 43:4, "Since thou wast precious in my sight, thou hast been honorable."
God, for Christ's sake, and because they are members of his own righteous and dear Son, sets an exceeding value upon their persons; and hence it follows, that he also sets a great value upon their good acts and offerings. The same love and obedience, in a person of greater dignity and value in God's sight, is more valuable in his eyes, than in one of less dignity.
Love and respect (as has been before observed), is valuable, in proportion to the dignity of the person, whose love it is; because, so far as anyone gives his love to another, he gives himself, in that he gives his heart: but this is a more excellent offering, in proportion as the person whose self is offered, is more worthy. Believers are become immensely more honorable in God's esteem, by virtue of their relation to Christ, than man would have been, considered as by himself, though he had been free from sin; as a mean person becomes more honorable when married to a king.
Hence God will probably reward the little weak love, and poor and exceeding imperfect obedience of believers in Christ, with a more glorious reward, than he would have done Adam's perfect obedience.
According to the tenor of the first covenant, the person was to be accepted and rewarded, only for the work's sake; but by the covenant of grace, the work is accepted and rewarded, only for the person's sake; the person being beheld antecedently, as a member of Christ, and clothed with his righteousness. So that though the saints' inherent holiness is rewarded, yet this very reward is indeed, not the less founded on the worthiness and righteousness of Christ: none of the value that their works have in his sight, nor any of the acceptance they have with him, is out of Christ, and out of his righteousness; but his worthiness as Mediator, is the prime and only foundation on which all is built, and the universal source whence all arises.
God indeed doth great things out of regard
-- 215 --to the saints' loveliness, but 'tis only as a secondary and derivative loveliness, as it were. When I speak of a derivative loveliness, I do not mean only, that the qualifications themselves, that are accepted as lovely, are derived from Christ, and are from his power and purchase; but that the acceptance of them as a loveliness, and all the value that is set upon them, and all their connection with the reward, is founded in, and derived from Christ's righteousness and worthiness.
If we suppose that not only higher degrees of glory in heaven, but heaven itself, is in some respect given in reward for the holiness, and good works of the saints, in this secondary and derivative sense, it won't prejudice the doctrine we have maintained. 'Tis no way impossible that God may bestow heaven's glory wholly out of respect to Christ's righteousness, and yet in reward for man's inherent holiness, in different respects, and different ways. It may be only Christ's righteousness, that God has respect to, for its own sake, the independent acceptableness, and dignity of it being sufficient of itself, to recommend all that believe in Christ, to a title to this glory; and so it may be only by this that persons enter into a title to heaven, or have their prime right to it: and yet God may also have respect to the saints' own holiness, for Christ's sake, and as deriving a value from Christ's merit, which he may testify in, bestowing heaven upon them. The saints, being beheld as members of Christ, their obedience is looked upon by God, as something of Christ's, it being the obedience of the members of Christ; as the sufferings of the members of Christ, are looked upon, in some respect, as the sufferings of Christ. Hence the Apostle, speaking of his suffering, says, Colossians 1:24, "Who now rejoice in my sufferings for you, and fill up that which is behind of the afflictions of Christ in my flesh." To the same purpose is Matthew 25:35, etc. "I was an hungered, naked, sick, and in prison," etc. And so that in Revelation 11:8, "And their dead bodies shall lie in the street of the great city, which spiritually is called Sodom, and Egypt, where also our Lord was crucified."
By the merit and righteousness of Christ, such favor of God towards the believer may be obtained, as that God may hereby, be already, as it were disposed to make them perfectly and eternally happy: but yet this don't hinder, but that God in his wisdom, may choose to bestow this perfect and eternal happiness, in this way, viz. in some respect, as a reward of their holiness, and obedience: 'tis not impossible but that the blessedness may be bestowed as a reward for that which is done after that an interest is already obtained in that favor, which (to speak of God after the manner of men) disposes God to bestow the blessedness. Our heavenly Father may already have that favor for a child, whereby he may be thoroughly ready to give
-- 216 --the child an inheritance because he is his child; which he is by the purchase of Christ's righteousness; and yet that don't hinder but that it should be possible, that the Father may choose to bestow the inheritance on the child, in a way of reward for his dutifulness, and behavior9 becoming a child. And so great and exceeding a reward, may not be judged more than a meet reward for his dutifulness; but that so great a reward is judged meet, don't arise from the excellency of the obedience, absolutely considered, but from his standing in so near, and honorable a relation to God, as that of a child, which is obtained only by the righteousness of Christ. And thus the reward, and the greatness of it, arises properly from the righteousness of Christ; though it be indeed in some sort the reward of their obedience. As a father might justly esteem the inheritance, no more than a meet reward for the obedience of his child, and yet esteem it more than a meet reward for the obedience of a servant. The favor whence a believer's heavenly Father bestows the eternal inheritance, and his title as an heir, is founded in that relation he stands in to him as a child, purchased by Christ's righteousness; though he in wisdom, chooses to bestow it in such away, and therein to testify his acceptance of the amiableness of his obedience in Christ.
Believers having a title to heaven by faith antecedent to their obedience, or its being absolutely promised to them before, don't hinder but that the actual bestowment of heaven may also be a testimony of God's regard to their obedience, though performed afterwards. Thus it was with Abraham, the father and pattern of all believers: God bestowed upon him that blessing of multiplying his seed as the stars of heaven, and causing that in his seed all the families of the earth should be blessed, in reward for his obedience, in offering up his son Isaac. Genesis 22:16–18, "And said, By myself have I sworn, saith the Lord; for because thou hast done this thing, and hast not withheld thy son, thine only son, that in blessing I will bless thee; and in multiplying I will multiply thy seed, as the stars of heaven, and as the sand which is upon the seashore, and thy seed shall possess the gate of his enemies, and in thy seed shall all the nations of the earth be blessed; because thou hast obeyed my voice." And yet the very same blessings had been from time to time promised to Abraham, in the most positive terms, and the promise with great solemnity, confirmed and sealed to him; as Genesis 12:2–3; Genesis 13:16; Genesis 15:1, Genesis 15:4–7, etc.; Genesis 15:17, throughout; Genesis 18:10, Genesis 18:18.
-- 217 --From what has been said we may easily solve the difficulty arising from that text, in Revelation 3:4, "They shall walk with me in white, for they are worthy." Which is parallel with that text in Luke 20:35, "But they which shall be accounted worthy to obtain that world, and the resurrection from the dead.…" I allow (as in the objection) that this worthiness does doubtless denote a moral fitness to the reward, or that God looks on these glorious benefits as a meet testimony of his regard to the value which their persons and performances have in his sight.
(1) God looks on these glorious benefits as a meet testimony of his regard to the value which their persons have in his sight. But he sets this value upon their persons purely for Christ's sake: they are such jewels, and have such preciousness in his eyes, only because they are beheld in Christ, and by reason of the worthiness of the head, they are the members of, and the stock they are grafted into. And this value that God sets upon them on this account is so great, that God thinks meet from regard to it to admit them to such exceeding glory. The saints on the account of their relation to Christ are such precious jewels in God's sight, that they are thought worthy of a place in his own crown (Malachi 3:17; Zechariah 9:16). So far as the saints are said to be valuable in God's sight, upon whatever account they are so, so far may they properly be said to be worthy, or meet for that honor that is answerable to that value or price which God sets upon them. A child, or wife of a prince, is worthy to be treated with great honor, and therefore if a mean person should be adopted to be a child of a prince, or should be espoused to a prince, it would be proper to say that she was worthy of such and such honor and respect, and there would be no force upon the words in saying that she ought to have such respect paid her, for she is worthy, though it be only on account of her relation to the prince that she is so.
(2) From the value God sets upon their persons, for the sake of Christ's worthiness, he also sets a high value on their virtues and performances. Their meek and quiet spirit is of great price in his sight. Their fruits are pleasant fruits, their offerings are an odor of sweet smell to him: and that because of the value he sets on their persons, as has been already observed and explained. This preciousness, or high valuableness of believers is a moral fitness to a reward, and yet this valuableness is all in the righteousness of Christ, that is the foundation of it. The thing that respect is had to, is nor excellency in them, separately by themselves, or in their virtue by itself, but to the value that in God's account arises thereto on other considerations; which is the natural import of the manner of expression in Luke 20:35, "They which shall be accounted worthy, to obtain that
-- 218 --world," etc. And Luke 21:36, "That ye may be accounted worthy to escape all these things that shall come to pass, and to stand before the Son of man." 2 Thessalonians 1:5, "That ye may be counted worthy of the kingdom of God, for which ye also suffer."
There is a vast difference between this scheme, and what is supposed in the scheme of those that oppose the doctrine of justification by faith alone. This lays the foundation of first acceptance with God, and all actual salvation consequent upon it, wholly in Christ and his righteousness. On the contrary, in their scheme, a regard to man's own excellency of virtue is supposed to be first, and to have the place of the first foundation in actual salvation, though not in that ineffectual redemption, which they suppose common to all: they lay the foundation of all discriminating salvation in man's own virtue and moral excellency: this is the very bottom stone in this affair; for they suppose that it is from regard to our virtue, that even a special interest in Christ itself is given. The foundation being thus contrary, the whole scheme becomes exceeding diverse and contrary: the one is an evangelical scheme, the other a legal one; the one is utterly inconsistent with our being justified by Christ's righteousness, the other not at all.
From what has been said we may understand what has been before mentioned, viz. how that not only is that forgiveness of sin that is granted in justification indissolubly connected with a forgiving spirit in us, but there may be many exercises of forgiving mercy that may properly be granted in reward for our forgiving those who trespass against us: for none will deny but that there are many acts of divine forgiveness towards the saints, that don't presuppose an unjustified state immediately preceding that forgiveness; none will deny that saints, that never fell from grace or a justified state, do yet commit many sins which God forgives afterwards, by laying aside his fatherly displeasure. This forgiveness may be in reward for our forgiveness, without any prejudice to the doctrine that has been maintained, as well as other mercies and blessings consequent on justification.
With respect to the second part of the objection, that relates to the different degrees of glory, and the seeming inconsistence there is in it, that the degrees of glory in different saints should be greater or lesser according to their inherent holiness and good works, and yet that everyone's glory should be purchased with the price of the very same imputed righteousness.
I answer, that Christ by his righteousness purchased for everyone, complete and perfect happiness according to his capacity: but this don't hinder but that the saints being of various capacities, may have various degrees
-- 219 --of happiness, and yet all their happiness be the fruit of Christ's purchase. Indeed it can't be properly said that Christ purchased any particular degree of happiness, so that the value of Christ's righteousness in the sight of God, is sufficient to raise a believer so high, in happiness, and no higher; and so that if the believer were made happier, it would exceed the value of Christ's righteousness: but in general, Christ purchased eternal life, or perfect happiness for all, according to their several capacities.
The saints are as so many vessels, of different sizes, cast into a sea of happiness, where every vessel is full; this Christ purchased for all: but after all 'tis left to God's sovereign pleasure to determine the largeness of the vessel; Christ's righteousness meddles not with this matter. Ephesians 4:4–7, "There is one body, and one spirit; even as ye are called in one hope of your calling; one Lord, one faith, one baptism, etc.…But unto everyone of us is given grace according to the measure of the gift of Christ."
God may dispense in this matter according to what rule he pleases, not the less for what Christ has done: he may dispense either without condition, or upon what condition he pleases to fix. 'Tis evident that Christ's righteousness meddles not with this matter; for what Christ did, was to fulfill the covenant of works; but the covenant of works did not meddle at all with this: if Adam had persevered in perfect obedience, he and his posterity would have had perfect and full happiness; everyone's happiness would have so answered his capacity, that he would have been completely blessed; but God would have been at liberty to have made some of one capacity, and others of another as he pleased.
The angels have obtained eternal life, or a state of confirmed glory by a covenant of works, whose condition was perfect obedience; but yet some are higher in glory than others, according to the several capacities 1 that God, according to his sovereign pleasure, hath given them.
So that it being still left with God, notwithstanding the perfect obedience of the second Adam, to fix the degree of each one's capacity, by what rule he pleases,2 he hath been pleased to fix the degree of capacity, and so of glory, by the proportion of the saint's grace and fruitfulness here. He gives higher degrees of glory, in reward for higher degrees of holiness and good works, because it pleases him; and yet all the happiness of each saint is indeed the fruit of the purchase of Christ's obedience. If it had been but one man, that Christ had obeyed and died for, and it had pleased God to make him of a very large capacity, Christ's perfect obedience would have purchased that his capacity
-- 220 --should be filled, and then all his happiness might properly be said to be the fruit of Christ's perfect obedience; though if he had been of a less capacity, he would not have had so much happiness, by the same obedience; and yet would have3 had as much as Christ merited for him.
Christ's righteousness meddles not with the degree of happiness, any otherwise than as he merits that it should be full, and perfect, according to the capacity: and so it may be said to be concerned in the degree of happiness, as perfect is a degree, with respect to imperfect; but it meddles not with degrees of perfect happiness.
This matter may be yet better understood, if we consider that Christ and the whole church of saints, are as it were, one body, of which he is the head and they members, of different place and capacity: now the whole body, head and members, have communion in Christ's righteousness, they are all partakers of the benefit of it; Christ himself the head is rewarded for it, and every member is partaker of the benefit and reward: but it does by no means follow, that every part should equally partake of the benefit; but every part in proportion to its place and capacity; the head partakes of far more than other parts, because it is of a far greater capacity; and the more noble members partake of more than the inferior. As it is in a natural body that enjoys perfect health, the head, and the heart, and lungs have greater share of this health, they have it more seated in them, than the hands and feet, because they are parts of greater capacity; though the hands and feet are as much in perfect health as those nobler parts of the body: so it is in the mystical body of Christ, all the members are partakers of the benefit of the righteousness of the head; but 'tis according to the different capacity and place they have in the body; and God determines that place and capacity as he pleases; he makes whom he pleases the foot, and whom he pleases the hand, and whom he pleases the lungs, etc. 1 Corinthians 12:18, "God hath set the members, every one of them, in the body, as it hath pleased him."
God efficaciously determines the place, and capacity of every member, by the different degrees of grace, and assistance in the improvement of it, here in this world: those that he intends for the highest place in the body, he gives them most of his spirit, the greatest share of the divine nature, the spirit and nature of Christ Jesus the head, and that assistance whereby they perform the most excellent works, and do most abound in them.
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